Day 1 :
Keynote Forum
Elias Siores
Bolton University, UK
Keynote: Soft fi bre based piezoelectric energy harvesting textiles
Time : 10:30-11:15
Biography:
Elias Siores is the Provost and Director of Research and Innovation, Bolton University. Educated in the UK (BSc, MSC, MBA, PhD) and pursued his academic career in Australia (Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne) and Asia (Hong Kong, Dong Guan) before returning to Europe (UK) as a Marie Curie Fellow. He is also President, Board of Governors, TEI – Athens and Director of Innovation, FibrLec Ltd. His R&D work concentrated on advancing the science and technology in the field of automated Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation including Ultrasound, Acoustic Emission, and Microwave Thermography. His recent R&D work focuses on Smart / Functional Materials and Systems development. In this area, he has developed Electromagnetic, Electrorheological, Photovoltaic and Piezoelectric Smart Materials based Energy Conversion Systems for Renewable Energy, Medical, Health Care and Wearable Devices. He has published over 300 publications including 8 Patents . He has been a member of editorial boards of international journals and a Fellow of IOM, TWI, IEAust, SAE and WTIA. He has served on Board of Directors of a number of research centres worldwide including UK, Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong, all associated with the Bio-Nano-Materials field. He is a member of the Parliamentary Scientific Committee and has received 15 international awards in his career for R&D and innovation achievements.
Abstract:
For energy harvesting from human movement, fibre based electrical power generators are highly desirable as they are light weight and comfortable and look no different from the conventional fabrics. The conjunction of piezoelectric materials in fibres and therefore fabrics offers a simple route for the building of soft piezoelectric generators. The flexible textile structures can themselves be designed so as to provide piezoelectric output on low levels of strains and loadings while providing high fatigue resistance under a large number of variable mechanical deformation and loading cycles. In this work, we demonstrate “3D spacer” technology based all-fibre piezoelectric fabrics as power generators and energy harvesters (Figure 1(a)). The single step knitted structure consisting of high β-phase (~80%) piezoelectric PVDF produced using conventional melt spinning under high electric field (0.6 MV/m) are knitted together with Ag coated PA66 yarns acting as the top and bottom electrodes. The novel and unique textile structure provides an output power density in the range of 1.10-5.10 μWcm-2 at applied impact pressures in the range of 0.02-0.10 MPa, providing significantly higher power outputs and efficiencies over the existing 2D woven and nonwoven piezoelectric structures (Figure 1(b)). The all fibre piezoelectric fabric possesses the advantage of efficient charge collection due to intimate contact of electrodes and uniform distribution of pressure on the fabric surface, leading to enhanced performance. Furthermore, an substantial increase in piezoelectric output of the PVDF yarns has been achieved using ZnSnO3 based perovskite which has doubled the piezoelectric constant from 60 pm/V to nearly 130 pm/V. Bearing all these merits in mind, we believe our method of producing large quantities of high quality piezoelectric yarn and piezoelectric fabric provides an effective option for the development of high performance energy-harvesting textile structures for electronic devices that could be charged from ambient environment or by human movement. Furthermore, via the creation of hybrid photovoltaic films and fibres, energy can be captured from solar radiation and used where the mechanical impetus is absent. The high energy efficiency, mechanical durability and comfort of the soft, flexible and all-fibre based power generator is highly attractive for a variety of potential applications such as wearable electronic systems and energy harvesters charged from ambient environment or by human movement.
Keynote Forum
Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Keynote: Tetrathiafulvalene-fused radiaannulenes and ï°-extended tetrathiafulvalenes -towards new electrochromic materials
Time : 11:30-12:15
Biography:
Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen is Professor of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry at the University of Copenhagen, where he teaches courses in advanced organic chemistry, heterocyclic chemistry, and supramolecular chemistry. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed papers, monographs, and book chapters.
Abstract:
Radiaannulenes (RAs) are cyclic molecules with both exo and endocyclic double bonds and are hence structurally between radialenes and annulenes. Due to their quinoid-like structure, they are potentially Wurster-type redox systems, which gain aromaticity upon reduction. We have combined one radiaannulene with the Weitz-type redox system tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), which gains aromaticity upon oxidation as 1,3-dithiolium rings are formed. TTF-functionalized radiaanulenes were prepared from tetraethynylethene and TTF-diiodide derivatives using Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions. Electrochemical investigations showed both reversible oxidations and reductions (in sequential one-electron steps), and the optical properties of the oxidized and reduced species were investigated by spectroelectrochemistry. The distinct optical properties of each redox state of these molecules make then interesting in the development of electrochromic materials. The synthesis and optical properties of various ï°-extended TTFs, which can exist in different redox states, will also be presented, including molecules with an indenofluorene core.
- Smart Material Science and Technology, Smart Materials in Aviation and Defense & Innovations in Physical and Chemical Properties of Smart Materials
Chair
A S Khanna
IIT Bombay, India
Session Introduction
Lidong Zhang
New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Title: Photogated motility in smart actuators with dual response
Time : 12:45-13:15
Biography:
Dr. Lidong, Zhang now is a postdoctoral associate of material chemistry in Professor Naumov group, in New York University Abu Dhabi. His current research interests focus on novel smart polymer hydrogel actuators for energy transfer, biosensor and soft robot. He got his PhD from Pusan National University Korea, where he was working on smart polymer hydrogels for drug delivery, mineralization and catalysis under guidance of Professor Il Kim.
Abstract:
Humidity-driven motion is a fundamental process of energy conversion that is Essential for applications which require contact less actuation in response to the day-night rhythm of atmospheric humidity. In this work we demonstrate that mechanical bistability caused by rapid and anisotropic adsorption and desorption of water vapor by a flexible dynamic element which harnesses the chemical potential across very small humidity gradients for perpetual motion can be effectively modulated with light. A mechanically robust material capable of rapid exchange of water with the surroundings was prepared that undergoes swift locomotion in effect to periodic shape reconfiguration with turnover frequency of <150 min−1. The element can lift objects ~85 times heavier and can transport cargos ~20 times heavier than itself. Having an azobenzene-containing conjugate as a photoactive dopant, this entirely humidity-driven self-actuation can be controlled remotely with ultraviolet light, thus setting a platform for a new generation of smart biomimetic hybrids. The actuating material can operate in the dark and could be utilized to convert the humidity into electrical power in low-power devices driven by humidity and/or light.
A S Khanna
IIT Bombay, India
Title: Inorganic-organic hybrid based Smart Coatings
Time : 14:00-14:30
Biography:
A S Khanna is Professor at Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India with responsibility for teaching, research and consultancy in the field of corrosion, coatings, surface engineering and corrosion management. Prior to joining IIT Bombay in 1991, he worked in Atomic Energy and carried out R & D work at several International Labs/universities/Institutions, including Forschungszentrum Juelich (as Humboldt Fellow), Oslo University (Royal Norwegian Fellow), University de Provence, Marseille France and IHI Heavy Industry, Japan ( Fellow Japan Key Centre). Notable is his 23 years as Professor for IIT Bombay. He has guided 22 Ph.D’s and more than hundred Masters and Bachelors’ projects. He has published more than 275 papers in various National and International Journals. He is widely travelled and participated in umpteen number of conferences and meetings. He has written two books and edited 4 books. One of the book is High Performance Coatings, Woodhead publications, U.K. His professional interests focus on Coatings, Industrial corrosion prevention, surface engineering, high temperature materials. His current projects include development of smart coatings and nano-technology for enhancing paint coatings, development of grapheme and its applications in protective coatings. He is consultant / Advisor to many oil & Gas industries such as ONGC, GAIL, Reliance. In addition, he serves as Chairman for SSPC India, and is a member of NACE and ASM. He was awarded NACE Fellow in 2002 and ASM Fellow in 2005, for his contributions to the work in corrosion and coatings.
Abstract:
Inorganic-organic hybrid (IOH) coatings are the best example of eco-friendly high performance coatings. They differ from conventional coatings in several counts: use water as solvent, form chemical bond with the substrate, have superior corrosion resistance, better mechanical properties and excellent UV blocking effect. They are also considered as nano-structured coatings. The best way to synthesise them is by sol gel route. Sol-gel method starts with a hydrolysis reaction of a methoxy or ethoxy silane, followed by a condensation reaction with any functional polymer, epoxy, alkyd, polyester or urethane, provided there is an –OH group in the long chain of the monomer. The resultant precursor can then be treated with a suitable cross-linking agent to form an inorganic-organic hybrid coating. This coating can be applied on any metal substrate by spray, dipping or spin coating process after lightly activating the substrate. Such coatings were prepared in our lab using epoxy silanes, alkyds, polyurethane and polyester based monomers. These coatings showed excellent corrosion resistance much superior to the conventional coatings as well good mechanical and UV properties. These coatings were however hydrophilic in nature with a contact angle of 65-68o. An epoxy based IOH coating was then modified to a Self Cleaning Smart Coating. This was done by systematically treating the coating developed as discussed above with a set of fluorine based silanes which gave excellent hydrophobicity with a contact angle of above 110o. The coating under these conditions followed Wenzel model and in order to give it self-cleaning property, it was treated with different nano-particles, nano-ZnO and nano SiO2. A detailed treatment was then carried out to optimize the concentration of nano particles and their surface roughness and arrangement was studied using AFM and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that nano silica functionalised by a long chain polymer, gave the best sliding angle, suitable for self cleaning. This coating was found to create hydrophobicity on metal such Al, card board, paper, fabric, wood, concrete and glass. However, to use this coating as smart coating to clean glass panels in multi-storeyed buildings or solar panels in a huge solar power plant, the coating needs to be transparent. Further work was carried out using a non-fluro approach using PDMS as long chain polymer, followed by insitu generation of silica particles. This helped in creating a transparent coating with good hydrophobicity, a contact angle of 109o and a sliding angle of 25o. Detailed analysis using Raman confirmed presence of tiny nano silica particles on surface, but went under the coating after heat treatment. The coating technique also varied the properties of the coating. Spin coating under certain RPM gave the best hydrophobic and sliding effect. These coatings are now being planned to create anti-glare and anti-fog coatings. An other method to create super-hydrophobic coating was developed using functionalization of titanium oxide particles. Functionalization using PDMS was found to be the best, giving a contact angle of 150o. This, when mixed with epoxy coating showed strong super-hydrophobic behaviour. A few examples of other smart coatings developed in our lab such as self-healing coatings and conductive coatings will also be discussed.
Dennis Otibar
Ruhr-University in Bochum, Germany
Title: The effect of SMA-training on variations of production process parameters
Time : 14:30-14:45
Biography:
Dennis Otibar graduated mechanical engineer, worked at Klaus Union GmbH & Co. KG in the sales department from 2010 to 2012. Since 2013, he has been a research assistant at the Chair of Production Systems of the Institute for Product and Service Systems at the Ruhr-University in Bochum, Germany. His current research project considers the process value analysis from the production up to the application of NiTi-SMA-wires.
Abstract:
Shape memory alloys (SMA) are functional materials that can both remember a previous defined shape by thermal activation and show high elastic properties. These effects are based on a reversible, diffusion less transition between the low temperature phase (martensite) and the high temperature phase (austenite). Despite worldwide research efforts, product solutions that are based on SMA are only established in few mass-industrial applications. One main reason for this is that there are variations of industrially manufactured semi-finished SMA-products. An approach for reducing variations of the SMA-behavior due to variations in the production process can be found in the SMA-training as well. The SMA-effect reacts sensitively to even small variations of production process parameters. The aim of the investigation is to find out if variations that are caused in the wire drawing process can be compensated by SMA-training. For this purpose, NiTi-SMA-wires are drawn with different parameters and are investigated concerning their SMA-behavior such as the stress-strain or the strain-temperature curve. The training method of stress induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) is applied with different parameters regarding temperature, number of cycles, stress and time. This is followed by reinvestigations of the SMA-behavior. The before/after comparison shows if variations of production process parameters can be influenced by the SIMT-training method. First results of this project are presented within both the full paper and the future prospects regarding the SMA production process and industrial standards.
Y Mohan
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Title: Temperature dependent electrical fatigue on bulk piezoceramics
Time : 14:45-15:00
Biography:
Mohan Y is a Research scholar pursing mater studies in Department of Applied Mechanics with a specialization of Solid Mechanics at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India. He had worked as a senior project assistant in National institute of ocean technology in a topic of Mechanical properties and FE modelling on syntactic foams for a period of 6 months. He did his bachelors in engineering with a specialization in Mechanical engineering from Anna University, Chennai, India in 2012. His current fields of interest are fatigue, damage mechanics, smart composites and material characterization of coupled-field problems.
Abstract:
Piezoelectric materials such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) are a class of smart materials, which are widely used in sensors and actuators applications (e.g. aerospace, automotive and high-positioning systems etc.), due to its high electromechanical coupling. In these applications, piezoceramics may be subjected to various environments and continuous operation under complex loading conditions, which may lead to nonlinear behavior and degradation of material properties [1]. Literature about fatigue in PZT material shows a strong dependence on the applied electric field and number of cycles. The performance of PZT also dependent on temperature, hence a proper understanding of the material performance under electrical fatigue for various ambient temperatures is necessary. In this study the commercially available PZT (PIC 151 from PI Ceramics Corporation) with 10 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness samples are used. The fatigue on these samples is examined under continuous operation of bipolar cyclic electric field (±2kV/mm, 50Hz) and is exposed to an elevated thermal environment (500C, 750C and 1000C) up to 106 cycles. An experimental setup is developed to analyze the fatigue performance and to investigate the deterioration of material properties (dielectric permittivity and piezoelectric co-efficient). The output parameter such as remnant polarization, the amplitude of strain and coercive electric field from the fatigue results are analyzed. These fatigue results will be useful for material, device design using piezoceramics.
Jan Pollmann
Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Title: Design of a locking device for an SMA driven feed axis
Time : 15:00-15:15
Biography:
Jan Pollmann has completed his diploma in mechanical engineering at Ruhr University Bochum and is currently working on his PhD as a Research Assistant at the Chair of Production Systems. He has published several papers in reputed journals regarding the use of SMA actuators in linear feed axis.
Abstract:
In a current research project, the Chair of Production Systems is examining the use of multiple modular and standardized shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in the feed axis of a small machine tool. Three linear axes will be combined to achieve tool movements in three dimensions. Later on, these machines shall be used to manufacture small work pieces with high precision. Therefore, the axis must be qualified to handle movements in the micrometer range. In addition to investigating different measures to control the displacement of the actuators, a way to lock the axis to any desired position is needed. This enables the user to hold the axis in the same position for a period of time without heating the individual SMA actuators. Therefore the durability of the assembly will be increased. Further, this setup is beneficial for carrying out precise drilling operations and for isolating the movement of one of the three linear axes by locking down the other two. Considering the small dimensions of the axis assembly and the accompanying high demands on the manufacturing process, a simple lock bar mechanism was chosen. A brake pad is pressed against the base plate of the axis by a pressure spring. In order to deactivate the latching, the brake pad is pulled up by an SMA wire, the brake pad actuator. Afterwards the spring-powered lock bar moves under a shoulder and holds the brake pad in its upper position.
Anand Sampath
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Title: Vibration energy harvesting using pzt wafers
Time : 15:15-15:30
Biography:
Anand Sampath is currently pursuing his M.S (By Research) in Solid Mechanics group in the department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Madras. He obtained his UG degree in Mechanical Engineering from Anna University Chennai, India, in 2012. His current fields of interests are Finite element modeling, Smart Materials, material characterization and coupled-field problems.
Abstract:
Piezo wafers are smart materials that exhibit electro-mechanical coupling. Piezo wafers when subjected to mechanical stress accumulate electric charge and conversely mechanical strain can be obtained by the application of electric field. Due to their intrinsic electro-mechanical coupling property, quick response time, and compactness, they are widely used in energy harvesting applications, structural health monitoring systems, Piezo Wafer Active Sensors (PWAS) and so on. In this current work, vibration energy harvesting using piezo wafer is carried out experimentally and the results are validated using a proposed numerical FE model in ABAQUS. The piezo wafer specimen (PSI-5H4E) used for the analysis has a coupling coefficient of k33 higher than k31, so for experiment, it is decided to operate in 33 coupling mode, in which the excited vibration force is applied on the poling direction of the piezo-wafer. In experiment, a uni-morph cantilever beam configuration (beam has only one piezoelectric layer attached to it) is employed, which is made to vibrate by using an exciter. In order to achieve maximum power efficiency, the cantilever beam is made to vibrate at the resonant natural frequency. The geometry of the cantilever beam plays an important role in optimizing the energy harvester’s efficiency and the power output. Hence, a study on the optimization of the cantilever beam dimension is also carried out using the FEA results obtained from ABAQUS.
Antonia Bette
Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
Title: Activation strategies and their impact on the lifetime of SMA
Time : 15:50-16:05
Biography:
Antonia Bette is research assistant for Chair of Production Systems of the Institute for Product and Service Systems at the Ruhr-University in Bochum, Germany. She completed her Master’s degree in 2015. Her current research project regards applications of SMA-based actuator systems in aircraft interiors.
Abstract:
Shape memory alloys have the astonishing ability to remember a previous imprinted shape after deformation. Moreover, the electrical resistance is suitable for position control and prediction of fatigue of the SMA-based actuator system. Due to their advantageous properties, SMA actuators are interesting for many applications, especially if high workload, low weight, electromagnetic compatibility or integration of functions is required. Despite their advantages, the potential applications of shape memory alloys are often limited by their lifetime. Along with structural factors, the life of SMA-based actuator systems is determined by functional factors. This includes displacements, cycles, load, ambient temperature, type of connection method but also control. In industrial applications often, reason for premature failure or the limited lifetime is the wrong operation of SMA-based actuator systems. In this context, proper activation is crucial. Therefore, focus of this paper is analyzing the activation of SMA actuators. First, an overview of possible strategies for activation is given and influencing factors regarding the activation of SMA actuators are discussed. Based on this, activation strategies and important factors like activation time and current are investigated using design of experiments. With design of experiments, it is possible to investigate important factors in-depth. The results will be discussed in terms of their impact on the lifetime of SMA actuators. Finally, recommendations for proper operation of SMA actuators are given. Further studies should be done investigating further factors influencing the lifetime of SMA actuators like the impact of control.
S Sreenivasa Prasath
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Title: Experimental characterization of rate dependent non-linear behavior on macro-fiber composites
Time : 16:05-16:20
Biography:
S Sreenivasa Prasath is pursuing Ph.D. in the Department of Applied mechanics at Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India. He has obtained under graduate program in Aeronautical Engineering from Kumaraguru College of Technology Coimbatore, affiliated to Anna University, India, in 2011. His current fields of interests are smart composites, Material characterization and coupled-field problems.
Abstract:
The increasing automation in automobile and aerospace engineering, lead the rapid development of flexible Macro-Fiber Composites (MFCs) for sensing and actuating applications. MFCs consist of rectangular piezoceramic fibers embedded in a polymer matrix, referred to as active layer which is sandwiched between various protective and electrode layers. The high mechanical flexibility, increased strength, reliability and environmentally sealed packaging have made MFCs favorable for applications like vibration control, structural health monitoring, and energy harvesting and structural morphing. In order to increase the utilities of the MFCs in smart structures it is necessary to understand the material behavior of MFCs. However, the data available in the literature as well as from the manufacturer is limited to linear and quasi static behavior. The piezoelectric material behavior has a significant influence of the rate of applied load and exhibits a hysteresis even for a low load. In the present work, an attempt has been made to study the performance behavior of MFCs subjected to higher electric fields at different rates. To achieve this, experiments are performed on the commercially available MFCs (M2814-P1 and M2814-P2 type MFCs) under pure electrical loading for various voltage ranges and frequencies. The coupling constants are evaluated by measuring the induced strain in the longitudinal direction by using both contact (strain gauge) and non-contact (Digital Image Correlation-DIC) type strain measurements for giving electric field. It is observed that, the voltage range and frequency have a greater influence on the coupling constants of MFC. Also, butterfly (strain vs. electric field) and dielectric hysteresis (electric displacement vs. electric field) loops are observed while operating MFCs in higher electric field.
Shih-Fu, Ou
National Kaohsiung University of applied sciences, Taiwan
Title: Application of electrical discharge coating to TiNi alloys surface treatment
Time : 16:20-16:50
Biography:
Shih-Fu, Ou obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2011 from National Taiwan university for research the anodic oxidation of titanium alloys applied in biomedical implants. Since 2013, he is assistant professor of department of mold and die in National Kaohsiung university of applied sciences. His current research is divided into three parts. The first is focused on bio-ceramic and surface modification of titanium alloys applied as implants.
Abstract:
Ti-Ni shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been commonly used in mechanical, aerospace, military applications, and biomedical engineering. In biomedical field, TiNi SMAs are served as orthodontic arch wires, surgical stents, maxillofacial implants, and bone plates because of their unique superelasticity, superior shape memory effect, excellent corrosion resistance and, low elastic modulus. Nevertheless, a disadvantage is that Ni may cause allergy for a long-term implantation in human body. It has been found that corrosion resistance of TiNi SMAs is improved by coating a titanium nitride or carbide film the alloy surfaces. This study modified the surface of the Ti-Ni SMAs by electrical discharge coating technology. Gas was chosen as the dielectric fluid to improve process efficiency and decrease environmental pollution. The modified surface comprised titanium carbide and nitride which exhibited high hardness but compromised SMAs’ shape memory recovery.